Before some years ago,developers or programmers beginning a venture would take a seat nearly instantly and begin composing code. However, as programming projects became large and more complicated, it was found that this approach did not work very well. The problem was complexity. Large programs are probably the most complicated entities ever created by humans. Because of this complexity, programs are prone to error, and software errors can be expensive and even life threatening (in air traffic control, for example). Three major innovations in programming
have been devised to cope with the problem of complexity which are given below:-

• Object-oriented programming (OOP)
• The Unified Modeling Language (UML)
• Improved software development processes